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Universities & Institutions Systems

System
 		Architecture
 		Coverage
 		Cost
Cambridge, AT&T Laboratories
 Active Badge
 IR Limited IR range. Fluorescent lights and sunlight can disrupt IR. Indoor use only.
Cambridge, AT&T Laboratories
 Bat
 Ultrasound time of flight triangulation Indoor only
University of California at Berkeley
 		*TinyOS
 		RF
 		Indoor. External antenna gives range of about 60-70feet
Georgia Institute of Technology
 		Smart Floor/Carpet
 		Pressure sensors in carpet to recognise individuals footfall. Recognition further enhanced with computer vision of individuals' body structure and movements.
 		Tested indoor
Institute for Complex Engineered Systems
Table-based lookup for triangulation of user's location using a wireless LAN
 Wireless LAN
MIT
 		*Cricket
 		RF to send information and ultrasound to measure distance by time of flight concurrently. Using Listeners that hear and analyze information from Beacons spread throughout the building.
 		Indoor
 		less than US$10 for each device
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Other Commercial Systems

System
 		Architecture
 		Coverage
 		Cost
activeRF
 WhereNet
activeTag communicates wirelessly using RF with a receiver known as activeNode. Real-time XY location.
 Indoor and outdoor coverage ranges from 50m to 300m.
Bluesoft Inc.
 Bluesoft LF
802.11b network - synchronized TDOA is used to locate
Bluetooth network - uses advanced LF algorithms based in part on AOA techniques and proprietary treatment of multipath to locate
802.11b and Bluetooth networks
Ekahau
 		Ekahau Positioning Engine
 		Uses existing wireless LAN infrastructure and received signal strength intensity (RSSI)
Indoor and outdoor depending on the wireless LAN
up to 1m and gives coordinates (x,y,z) where z is which floor
US$595 to track 2 PC/PDA clients
Microsoft
 		MSR RADAR
 		Using RF signal strength information from multiple base stations and in conjunction with a Radio Map (building floor layout information) of the building. Built over an IEEE 802.11 standard-based RF wireless LAN.
 		Indoor
RFTechnologies
 		^PinPoint
 		RF
 		up to 200feet from Antenna (±10feet)
Versus Technology Inc.
 Versus Information System (VIS)
 IR/RF

WhereNet
 		^WhereLan
 		RF
 		Indoor coverage up to 100m and outdoor coverage up to 300m
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IR Systems


 System
 Architecture
 Coverage
 Cost
Cambridge, AT&T Laboratories Active Badge IR
 Limited IR range. Fluorescent lights and sunlight can disrupt IR. Indoor use only.
Versus Technology Inc.
Versus Information System (VIS)
IR

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RF Systems


 System
 Architecture
 Coverage
 Cost
activeRF
 WhereNet
 activeTag communicates wirelessly using RF with a receiver known as activeNode. Real-time XY location.
 Indoor and outdoor coverage ranges from 50m to 300m.
RFTechnologies
 ^PinPoint
 RF
 up to 200feet from Antenna (±10feet)
University of California at Berkeley *TinyOS
 RF
 Indoor. External antenna gives range of about 60-70feet
Versus Technology Inc.
 Versus Information System (VIS) IR/RF

WhereNet
 ^WhereLan
 RF
 Indoor coverage up to 100m and outdoor coverage up to 300m
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Ultrasound Systems


 System
 Architecture
 Coverage
 Cost
Cambridge, AT&T Laboratories
 Bat
 Ultrasound time of flight triangulation
 Indoor only
 less than US$10 for each device
MIT
 *Cricket
 RF to send information and ultrasound to measure distance by time of flight concurrently. Using Listeners that hear and analyze information from Beacons spread throughout the building.
 Indoor
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Wireless LAN Systems - Bluetooth and 802.11b


 System
 Architecture
 Coverage
 Cost
Bluesoft Inc.
 Bluesoft LF
802.11b network - synchronized TDOA is used to locate
Bluetooth network - uses advanced LF algorithms based in part on AOA techniques and proprietary treatment of multipath to locate
 802.11b and Bluetooth networks
Ekahau
 Ekahau Positioning Engine
 Uses existing wireless LAN infrastructure and received signal strength intensity (RSSI)
 Indoor and outdoor depending on the wireless LAN
up to 1m and gives coordinates (x,y,z) where z is which floor
 US$595 to track 2 PC/PDA clients
Institute for Complex Engineered Systems
Table-based lookup for triangulation of user's location using a wireless LAN
 Wireless LAN
Microsoft
 MSR RADAR
 Using RF signal strength information from multiple base stations and in conjunction with a Radio Map (building floor layout information) of the building. Built over an IEEE 802.11 standard-based RF wireless LAN.
 Indoor
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Other Systems


 System
 Architecture
 Coverage
 Cost
Georgia Institute of Technology
 Smart Floor/Carpet
 Pressure sensors in carpet to recognise individuals footfall. Recognition further enhanced with computer vision of individuals' body structure and movements.
 Tested indoor
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* Made from off-the-shelf components therefore much cheaper than the other systems but trade-off with high density of devices in area.

^ These are commercial products that are usually catered for industrial purposes such as resource management and manufacturing process optimization.

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